Restrictions on the use of Fields during Initialization

[Gurwinder Prince]

Hello! Anyone can Help me in undersatanding the process.
class Test {
Test() { k = 2; }
int j = 1;
int i = j;
int k;
}class Z {
static int i = j + 2;
static int j = 4;
}
and:
class Z {
static { i = j + 2; }
static int i, j;
static { j = 4; }
}
=================================================================
class Z {
static int peek() { return j; }
static int i = peek();
static int j = 1;
}
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Z.i);
}
}
=================================================================

1.class UseBeforeDeclaration {
2.static {
3.x = 100; // ok - assignment
4.int y = x + 1; // error - read before declaration
5.int v = x = 3; // ok - x at left hand side of assignment
6.int z = UseBeforeDeclaration.x * 2;
7.// ok - not accessed via simple name
8.Object o = new Object(){
9.void foo(){x++;} // ok - occurs in a different class
10.{x++;} // ok - occurs in a different class
11. };
12. }
13.{
14.j = 200; // ok - assignment
15.j = j + 1; // error - right hand side reads before declaration
16.int k = j = j + 1;
17.int n = j = 300; // ok - j at left hand side of assignment
18.int h = j++; // error - read before declaration
19.int l = this.j * 3; // ok - not accessed via simple name
20.Object o = new Object(){
21.void foo(){j++;} // ok - occurs in a different class
22.{ j = j + 1;} // ok - occurs in a different class
23.};
24.}
25.int w = x= 3; // ok - x at left hand side of assignment
26.int p = x; // ok - instance initializers may access static fields
27.static int u = (new Object(){int bar(){return x;}}).bar();
28.// ok - occurs in a different class
29.static int x;
30.int m = j = 4; // ok - j at left hand side of assignment
31.int o = (new Object(){int bar(){return j;}}).bar();
32.// ok - occurs in a different class
33.int j;
34. }
According to java tutorials the above code
(class usebeforedeclaration) is right but when i compiled that code using jdk1.2.1 it is giving errors.

[Anshuman Acharya]

i will treat your examples one by one:
the first code gives a compile error coz in static/non-static initialization the statements are executed in the order they are orientated. static statements and code blocks are executed at the time of the creation of the class, i.e, compile time. instance variable initialzation and execution of instance block codes is at the time of the instantiation of the class.
also, forward referencing of variables can only be done via methods.
so coming back to #1,
static int i = j + 2;//forward referenced j gives error
static int j = 4;
#2
static { i = j + 2; }//forward referencing again of i and j
static int i, j;//compile-time error
#3
compiles. forward referencing thru a method.