In general, the Java Language Specification covers these topics pretty well. Here is some info to get you started though.
Constructor. A special method of a class that is executed when a new instance of the class is to be created. e.g. Circle c = new Circle(x,y,radius); calls the Circle constructor with the matching signature (i.e. method name, arguments and argument types, and return type). Constructors have no return type by the way, not void, simply no return type.
Default Constructor. A constructor method which takes no arguments.
Static. A Java modifier, which when applied, results in the variable or method being a class variable or class method. A class variable has the same value in all instances of the class. An instance variable is dependent upon the instance in which it resides.
Final. (I think this is what you meant.) A Java modifier which indicates that a variable cannot be changed, a method cannot be overridden, or a class cannot be subclassed. Final variables can be instance or class variables, or as method parameters.
Native. A Java modifier which indicates that the implementation of the method is done externally to Java. Typically used to access a third party implementation of a C or C++ library.
Synchronized. A Java modifier, and expression, which notes a point of serialization. e.g. A method which has been marked as synchronized indicates that only one instance of the method may be run by a given
thread at a time. When used as an expression (e.g. synchronized(this)), indicates that the block of code is a point of serialization.