like push registry in J2ME which enables apps to set themselves up to be launched automatically, without user initiation. Activations could be inbound connections like: message-based (such as SMS), stream-based (such as TCP socket) or packet-based (such as datagrams).
They are called broadcast Intents in Android. Your application registers a BroadcastReceiver, either in the manifest XML or in Java, and will get control when the events occur.
It's more that they are system events, not network events. So, you can wake up on an SMS, or a low-battery condition, or getting near some GPS-based location. Networking, however, is not handled this way -- more like JavaSE than JavaME.