My conclusion:
Environment variables do not seem to work within property files. However JForum cleanly abstracts it's configuration into a handful of files. If parallel installations of the application are not wanted, duplicate the config files, one for each stage, e.g. development,
testing, deployment. In most circumstances,
SystemGlobals.properties
and the appropriate db config,
config > database > {mydatabase} > {mydatabase}.properties
are the only two which will need duplicating.